ConstructionGlossary & Terminology
A
Abrasion resistance refers to a material’s capability to endure damage or wear from contact with harsh surfaces such as pedestrian traffic, machinery, wind-driven debris, and branches.
Absorption is the process by which a material takes in substances like gases or liquids, similar to how a sponge functions with water.
Accelerated weathering involves subjecting a sample to controlled environmental conditions for a limited time to mimic the natural weathering processes that occur over an extended period.
Acrylic resin is a polymer derived from acrylic or methacrylic monomers, often utilized as a base for various coating systems.
Adhesion describes the bond formed between two different surfaces, accomplished through mechanical or chemical interactions. It also pertains to the bonding of materials within the same category. The effectiveness of adhesion is influenced by molecular chemical forces and mechanical interlocks between the adhesive and the surfaces joined. It can be evaluated through shear and peel tests.
Adhesive is a substance designed to establish a strong, long-lasting connection between two surfaces.
Aged R-Value indicates the thermal resistance of a material assessed through controlled conditioning over a specific time frame.
Aging refers to the effects resulting from prolonged exposure to environmental conditions or to the process of deliberately exposing materials to such conditions for a defined period.
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is an organization representing architects across the United States, providing resources, promoting the significance of architecture, and advocating for the profession.
Air barrier is a construction element that regulates the circulation of air into and out of a building, effectively preventing unintended airflow.
Air infiltration is the unintended influx of outside air into a structure, which can lead to energy inefficiency and discomfort.
Air leakage denotes the escape of air from its intended location, resulting in unwanted airflow.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formulates and endorses standards for a variety of industries across the United States.
Application rate measures how much material is applied over a specific area, which can be quantified by mass, volume, or thickness.
Architect is a licensed professional responsible for designing buildings and supervising their construction.
Area divider is a vertical structure that separates large roofing sections or different material systems, secured to a wooden base plate and attached to the roof deck. It also aids in the installation of tapered insulation.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is a professional body dedicated to advancing knowledge in heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning engineering.
Asphalt is a dark substance ranging from brown to black, originating from natural deposits or produced during crude oil refinement. It can be processed for various roofing applications, including flat, steep, and waterproof solutions.
Asphalt felt is a type of felt that has been saturated or coated with asphalt.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is recognized as the largest global organization for voluntary standards development.
B
Ballast serves as a stabilizing agent for roof membrane systems, ensuring they remain secure. This weighty material can consist of various substances such as smooth river stones, crushed stones, or concrete pavers, relying on gravity to keep the roof firmly in place.
Base flashing consists of strips of roof membrane that seal the junction between horizontal surfaces and vertical structures like walls. This component covers the top edge of the main roofing material while extending upwards along the wall.
Base ply refers to the initial layer in a roofing system, paving the way for subsequent layers to be applied later.
Base sheet is a type of felt laid down as the first layer in specific low-slope roofing systems, which may be treated to be impregnated, saturated, or coated.
Bitumen is a dark, viscous substance derived from hydrocarbons found in asphalt, tar, and coal tar. It is commonly used in construction and can be dissolved using carbon disulfide.
Bituminous describes materials that incorporate or are treated with bitumen, including bituminous concrete, felts, fabrics, and pavements.
Bituminous waterproofing is a technique designed for use solely on the positive side, whereby cold or hot bituminous materials are applied with reinforcement for effective waterproofing.
Blanket insulation is a type of compressible insulation typically available in rolls, composed of fibrous materials.
Blister in roofing refers to a raised section on a membrane that occurs due to trapped air or moisture between layers, or as a result of a coating detaching from its substrate.
Blowing agent is a chemical or thermal substance that generates gas, facilitating the creation of hollow or cellular materials.
Bond denotes the adhesive forces that join two components, serving as a form of assurance regarding the reliability of the roof system’s performance.
Bracing elements are structural supports that enhance stability within a building. These may include knee braces, cables, rods, struts, ties, shores, diaphragms, and rigid frames, among others, working together to reinforce the overall integrity of the structure.
British thermal unit (Btu) is defined as the quantity of heat required to elevate the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
Buckle describes a condition where the roofing membrane lifts and stretches over joints in insulation or decking, indicating possible movement within the roofing framework.
Building codes are regulations that define how buildings must be designed, constructed, and maintained, established by national organizations and adopted by local governing bodies. These codes encompass regulations on materials, use, and occupancy standards.
Building envelope refers to the outer shell or facade of a building.
Built-up roof (BUR) is a versatile roofing solution that consists of multiple layers of felt, fabrics, and bitumen constructed directly on-site, typically finished with materials like mineral aggregates or liquid coatings.
Butt edge represents the lower, exposed side of a shingle, tile, or shake.
Butt joint occurs when two distinct sections of material are joined, such as at the meeting point of two pieces of insulation.
C
Cant strip is a sloped strip designed to modify the angle at which a roof or waterproofing membrane meets a vertical structure.
Cap flashing consists of metal components that safeguard the upper edges of membrane base flashing or wall flashing. It also serves to cover the tops of various building features, including parapets and columns.
Cap sheet refers to a granule-surfaced sheet utilized as the uppermost layer in certain roofing membranes and flashings.
Capillary action describes the phenomenon where liquid levels change on a solid surface due to the attraction between the liquid and the solid molecules. This term can also denote the process of liquid being drawn into a small space between two surfaces.
Cellular concrete is a roofing deck material made from a combination of cement, water, foam, and air, which has a dry density ranging from 24 to 32 pounds per cubic foot.
Centimeter is a metric unit equivalent to 0.01 meters or approximately 0.393 inches.
Centipoise (cP) is a viscosity measurement unit in the centimeter-gram-second system, with 1 cP equating to one-hundredth of a poise. At 70°F, water has a viscosity of one centipoise, indicating that a lower value signifies a less viscous substance.
Centistokes (cSt) is a unit of kinematic viscosity within the centimeter-gram-second framework, equal to one-hundredth of a stokes. This measurement is utilized to assess the ratio of a liquid’s dynamic viscosity to its density.
Chemical resistance denotes a material’s capacity to retain its properties upon contact with specific chemicals.
Cladding refers to the material that encases the outer walls of a structure.
Coated felt comprises an asphalt or fiberglass substance that is coated on both sides with a tougher, more viscous asphalt.
Coating is a liquid substance applied to a rooftop surface for protection against environmental elements, effectively serving as a film over the original roofing material.
Code refers to a collection of regulations established by a governing authority to oversee specific practices.
Cold-applied materials can be utilized without any heating, whereas hot-applied materials must be heated before application. Cold-applied materials are typically in a liquid state, while hot-applied materials start as solid substances that require liquefaction prior to use.
Combustible describes a substance that has the potential to ignite and burn.
Commercial roofing specializes in servicing large industrial buildings, employing materials such as polyurethane foam, TPO, rubber, modified bitumen, and metal roofing systems.
Compressive strength refers to a material’s capability to endure compression forces.
Condensation occurs when water vapor or gas transitions into liquid form due to a decrease in temperature or an increase in pressure. This process is essentially the action of condensing.
Construction news encompasses a wide range of topics such as projects and contracts, client insight, industry data and forecasts, expert opinions, market trends, construction technology, development strategies, employment statistics, and news on residential and commercial marketplaces.
Control joint is a groove cut into concrete or masonry designed to prevent cracks and separations as a result of dimensional changes within the structure, managing stress and maintaining structural integrity.
Cool roofs utilize reflective materials that keep their surfaces cooler than traditional roofs in sunlight, making them an effective solution for reducing indoor heat.
Course refers to a sequential row of roofing materials that contribute to a waterproofing or flashing arrangement, or it can pertain to a layer of materials applied to a surface, such as a wall flashing made from roof cement and felt or fabric.
Coverage indicates the amount of area that a specific quantity of material will cover at a defined thickness.
Cover boards are essential for preventing blistering when using hot bituminous membranes with closed-cell plastic foam insulation. Recommended types include glass-faced siliconized gypsum board, fiberglass board, perlite board, wood fiberboard, or mineral fiberboard. They are also advisable for safeguarding polyisocyanurate insulation in conjunction with single-ply membranes.
Crack refers to a split or fissure in a material.
Coatings can develop cracks that penetrate completely through the top layer to the underlying material.
Cricket is a small roof section designed to divert water away from the junction where a roof meets a chimney, wall, or other projections, thus preventing water accumulation and damage.
Construction financing Construction-to-permanent loans and standalone construction loans are popular choices for financing building projects. Each option comes with its own distinct characteristics, including the possibility of making interest-only payments while the construction is underway.
Curb is an elevated structure that supports roof penetrations such as skylights and mechanical equipment, raised above the roof surface. It can also refer to a low-height border around the roof.
Cure refers to the process by which a material forms permanent molecular bonds through exposure to various factors including chemicals, heat, pressure, or environmental conditions.
Cure time is the period required for a material to reach its intended long-term physical properties.
Cutback is a type of solvent-thinned bitumen found in various roofing products, including adhesives, cements, and coatings.
D
Damp-proofing treatments are implemented to stop water from seeping through surfaces or structures without the application of pressure.
Dead load pertains to the total weight of a structure along with any permanent fixtures or equipment it includes.
Deck is a crucial component of a building’s roofing system, designed to bear the weight of the roof and additional loads. It serves as a foundation for the roof or waterproofing materials and can be constructed from either noncombustible materials like metal or concrete, or combustible options such as wood.
Deflection describes the bending or sagging of a structural element due to applied forces, or the movement of an object from its initial position caused by external pressures.
Deformation occurs when a material changes its shape or size due to applied stress or force without fracturing.
Delamination refers to the separation of layers within a component or system.
Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes fully saturated with water vapor, resulting in a relative humidity of 100 percent.
Diffusion involves the movement of water vapor or other substances from regions of higher concentration to those of lower concentration, leading to a more uniform distribution. This process can occur in gases, liquids, or solids and involves the natural movement of atoms or molecules within a substance.
Dimensional stability indicates how well a material retains its shape and size when subjected to varying temperatures and humidity levels.
Downspout is a vertical conduit that channels water from a building’s roof down to the ground or into a stormwater drainage system; it is also referred to as a conductor or leader.
Drainage course in a roofing system is a layer designed to facilitate horizontal moisture movement and alleviate hydrostatic pressure.
Drip edge is a metallic flashing that extends over the perimeter of a building to redirect dripping water and safeguard the structure.
Drying time is the duration needed for a material to completely dry, ensuring it is no longer vulnerable to environmental factors like rain or freezing temperatures.
Durability describes the capacity of a material to withstand physical, chemical, and environmental stresses without failing.
Dynamic load encompasses any load that is in motion, including forces from wind or shifting live loads.
E
Efflorescence refers to the white crystalline deposits that can appear on surfaces such as stone, brick, plaster, or mortar. This phenomenon occurs when soluble alkalies seep from adjacent concrete or mortar as moisture migrates through the material.
Elongation indicates the extent to which a material can stretch relative to its initial length, generally expressed as a percentage.
Embedment involves embedding or placing materials into heated bitumen or adhesive to promote effective bonding, or alternatively, incorporating granules into a coating during roofing production.
Emissivity quantifies the effectiveness of a surface in emitting heat through infrared radiation. This measurement can be represented as either a percentage or a decimal and is evaluated against the emission levels of a black body at an equivalent temperature.
End lap describes the area where one layer overlaps the adjacent layer.
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber characterized by its ability to be vulcanized and its thermosetting properties. The acronym EPDM stands for “ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber,” and it is frequently identified as ethylene propylene diene terpolymer.
The Equiviscous Temperature (EVT) signifies the temperature at which bitumen achieves the ideal consistency for the application of built-up membranes.
The suitable temperature range for applying bitumen generally extends to about 25 degrees Fahrenheit above or below the EVT, resulting in an approximate total variance of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The EVT is determined using a mop cart or mechanical spreader immediately prior to applying the bitumen onto the substrate.
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a type of insulation made from expanded polystyrene beads, featuring a closed-cell structure, which is produced through a molding technique to form boards or blocks.
Expansion joint serves to separate two sections of a building, allowing for independent movement without risking damage to the roofing or waterproofing system.
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) consists of an exterior wall finishing method that incorporates insulation, attachments, reinforcing elements, and a suitable finish.
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) is a rigid foam insulation product created by foaming resin through a continuous extrusion process, resulting in a uniformly sealed board.
F
Facer refers to the exterior layer of an insulation board, composed of material distinct from the insulation itself. This layer can consist of various substances like paper, glass fiber mat, or a blend thereof, often treated with asphalt, latex, or metal foil for added durability.
Fasteners encompass a range of mechanical items such as nails, screws, and bolts that function to attach different roof elements securely.
Felt is a multifunctional material created by combining fibers with a binder or through a process involving mechanical manipulation, moisture, and heat. The fibers may originate from various sources, including wood pulp, vegetable matter, asbestos, glass, and polyester.
Fiberglass base sheets play a crucial role in built-up roofing systems. These sheets are reinforced with fiberglass, coated in asphalt, and finished with mineral granules.
Financing Financing refers to the process of acquiring funds to buy assets or manage expenses, typically achieved through loans or various forms of credit.
Fireproofing materials serve as a safeguard to inhibit the spread of flames.
Fire resistance denotes the capacity of various materials or their combinations to hinder or slow down the transmission of intense heat, hot gases, or flames during usage.
Fishmouth describes a semi-cylindrical or semi-conical gap that may appear in the lapped edge or seam of materials like ply sheets or shingles. This defect can arise from wrinkling or shifting during installation, leading to an edge wrinkle. In the context of shingles, it specifically refers to a half-conical void that forms at a cut edge.
Flame spread is the phenomenon where a fire propagates outward from its point of origin.
Flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at which a material can ignite upon exposure to a spark or flame.
Flashing elements are critical in sealing and safeguarding the edges, penetrations, and other interruptions in the roof covering. This category includes base flashings for the membrane edges and cap flashings for the upper boundaries.
Flood coat consists of a layer of bitumen applied to a built-up roof to encapsulate surfacing aggregate effectively.
FM Approvals, part of FM Global, focuses on research and testing unit of FM Global for roofing components and assemblies, evaluating their resistance to fire, traffic, impact, weather conditions, and wind.
G
Gauge measures metal thickness, with a lower number indicating thicker metal.
Granules are colored aggregates used on roofs, also known as mineral or ceramic granules.
Gutter installation involves setting up a network of gutters and downspouts designed to channel rainwater away from a home’s foundation. Typically placed at the edge of the roof, gutters gather rainfall and direct it to the ground through downspouts.
Gypsum board panels are commonly used on roofs as a barrier, thermal barrier, or cover board. They have a noncombustible core primarily made of gypsum.
H
Header is a horizontal framing member used in doors, windows, or other openings, providing structural support.
Heat-fused sheet is installed by heating the underside of the sheet with a propane torch, melting the bitumen, and adhering the sheet to the melted material.
Heat transfer refers to the movement of heat from a hot area to a cooler area. This can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation.
Heat welding is a process that involves melting and joining separate sheets of roofing materials using heat and pressure.
HVAC stands for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment, utilized to control temperature, humidity, and air quality in buildings.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted on a surface by a column of water at a certain height.
I
Ice dam is a large chunk of ice that forms at the edge of a roof when melted snow refreezes. This can cause water to back up and leak into the house.
Impregnating refers to fully saturating the fibers in a felt or mat with bitumen, filling the spaces between the fibers without creating a continuous bitumen coating on the surface.
Inorganic refers to anything made of non-hydrocarbon materials that are not derived from plants or animals.
In-Service R-Value is the thermal resistance value of a material measured during its expected service life under installed conditions.
Insulation is a material used to manage heat flow in buildings.
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K
K-Value measures thermal conductivity, indicating the heat flow through a material per unit area due to a temperature difference. It is expressed in Btu•in/hr•ft²•°F and quantifies the amount of heat passing through a 1-inch thickness of material in one hour with a 1-degree Fahrenheit temperature difference.
L
Laminate is the process of fusing or adhering layers of materials together.
Lap refers to when one part of a roofing, waterproofing, or flashing component covers another adjacent component.
Lap seam occurs when materials overlap and are bonded together.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product or system throughout its entire life. It considers all stages, from raw material extraction to disposal, and assesses factors like energy consumption, pollution, and waste. LCA is an environmental review method.
Life-cycle cost analysis evaluates the total costs of a product or system over its entire lifespan, including raw materials, transportation, installation, maintenance, and disposal. It accounts for the costs of materials, energy consumption, and environmental impact at each stage.
Lightweight concrete is a type of concrete with a lower density than regular concrete. It is made with materials such as gypsum, vermiculite, perlite, wood fibers, and air-entrained concrete.
Lightweight or insulating concrete fill (LWIC) is a lightweight concrete that can be made with or without aggregate additions. It consists of Portland cement, water, and air, and when dried, has a unit weight of 50 lb/ft³ or less.
Liquid applied pertains to resins, bituminous cements, adhesives, or coatings that are simply poured at room temperature or slightly warmer.
Liquid-applied built-up roof is a flexible roof membrane made of layers of felts, mats, or fabrics bonded together with roof cements and coated with a liquid sealant, sometimes with added aggregate.
Live loads refer to how the roof structure must support temporary loads like people, equipment, snow, ice, and rain, as required by building codes. These loads are generally moving or dynamic.
Lot refers to all the material produced in one eight-hour shift of the same type and color. A delivery lot includes all the material of the same type delivered at one time by a single truck or railroad car.
Low-slope roofs are weatherproof membrane roof systems installed on slopes of 3:12 or less.
Low-temperature flexibility refers to the material’s ability to avoid cracking when flexed after cooling.
M
Masonry construction utilizes a variety of both natural and manufactured materials, including stone, brick, concrete blocks, adobe, glass blocks, tiles, engineered stone, and gypsum blocks, all of which are set in mortar.
Mastic is an adhesive used to securely position waterproofing membranes.
Mat refers to a thin textile layer that enhances the strength of a material or membrane.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a crucial document that offers essential details regarding the chemicals present in a product or material. It also outlines safe handling instructions and emergency procedures. Compliance with OSHA regulations mandates that manufacturers create these sheets, and employers distribute the information to their workers.
Mechanical damage to a roofing system describes physical harm that occurs independently of normal wear and tear. This damage can arise from various causes and typically necessitates repair or replacement.
Mechanically fastened membrane is secured to a surface at designated points, ensuring stability.
Membrane refers to a flexible or semi-flexible roofing layer designed to prevent water infiltration.
Mils is how the thickness of a roof membrane is often measured, where one mil equals 0.001 inches.
Mineral fiber insulation consists of fibers derived from rock, slag, or glass, which may or may not contain binders.
Mopping is the technique used to spread hot bitumen onto a bituminous membrane with a mop or mechanical applicator. Two methods of mopping exist: solid mopping, which creates a continuous layer of bitumen, and spot mopping, which leaves sections unmopped in a grid-like arrangement.
N
Newton (N) is the International System of Units (SI) designation for force and is named in honor of Sir Isaac Newton.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a nonprofit entity dedicated to minimizing the risks associated with fires and other dangers that can affect individuals and communities. They develop codes and standards, perform research, and provide educational resources and training. Among their many publications is NFPA 70, recognized as the National Electrical Code.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a federal agency that establishes measurement standards and encourages technological advancements.
Nonwoven fabric is produced by bonding or entangling fibers through various techniques, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent processes. This type of textile does not involve traditional weaving or knitting methods.
National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) serves as a key association for roofing professionals across the nation.
O
Organic substances are those composed of hydrocarbons or derived from them, originating from either plants or animals.
Organic felt is a roofing material created from cellulose fibers.
Overburden denotes any material that is laid over a waterproofing system.
Overspray occurs when unintended spray droplets drift through the air and settle, which can be quite bothersome.
Oxidation encompasses a weathering process influenced by multiple elements such as temperature and radiation. It can also describe the process of electron loss in a chemical reaction, typically involving oxygen.
P
Parapet wall extends above the roofline, serving as a protective barrier.
Pedestal provides stable support for rooftop elements such as pavers, pipes, and smaller appliances, ensuring they are secure.
Peel strength indicates the amount of force required to detach a flexible substance from a rigid one or from another flexible substance.
Penetration encompasses any constructions that extend through a roof, including pipes and HVAC brackets. It can also refer to the hardness of a bituminous material, evaluated by measuring how deeply a needle or cone can penetrate under controlled conditions.
Perforated felt is a roofing solution featuring small openings that facilitate the escape of air and moisture. It is categorized according to ASTM standards.
Permeability gauges how easily vapor or liquid flows through a material, often expressed in grains per square inch per hour per foot of thickness. This term is frequently associated with a material’s ability to allow water vapor to move through it.
Permeance measures the transmission of water vapor through a substance, which is affected by variations in vapor pressure, temperature, and humidity. This is usually quantified in “perm” units.
Phased application refers to the step-by-step installation of a roofing or waterproofing system over specified time periods. It’s important to note that applying surfacing materials at different times does not count as phased application.
Pliability denotes the ability of a material to bend or be shaped easily.
Ply is an additional layer of felt or ply sheeting added to a built-up roofing membrane or system.
Polyester consists of polymer chains formed from ester units.
Polyisocyanurate foam board, sometimes called iso or isoboard, is a form of thermal insulation made of polyisocyanurate foam, commonly with facers on either side. Its classification aligns with ASTM C1289.
Polymer A refers to a versatile material created by blending various chemicals.
Polymer-modified bitumen is bitumen that has been enhanced with polymers like atactic polypropylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene. It is typically used in composite sheets reinforced with mats or films, capable of being surfaced with films, foils, or mineral granules.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a synthetic polymer derived from vinyl chloride and can be manufactured into either flexible or rigid forms by incorporating additives. Rigid PVC is used for plumbing pipes, while flexible versions are utilized for sheeting and roofing membranes.
Polystyrene is crafted from styrene and is known for its interesting properties.
Ponding occurs when water remains pooled on a roof for over 48 hours following rainfall, without proper drainage.
Positive draining refers to roof configurations that permit water to flow off within 48 hours post-rain, designed with consideration for the slope and deck.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives are sticky at room temperature, allowing them to bond to various surfaces when pressure is applied, without the need for heat or additional energy.
Prestressed concrete is reinforced with tensioned cables, wires, or rods before any loads are applied. This process keeps the concrete under compression, enhancing its overall strength.
Protected membrane roof features an assembly where insulation and ballast sit atop the membrane, often referred to as an inverted roof assembly.
Protection course acts as a sacrificial layer or material designed to guard waterproofing systems or vegetative roof membranes from external wear and tear.
Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) is a standard measurement unit for pressure, quantifying the force applied over a specific area.
Puncture resistance measures the ability of a material to resist being penetrated or punctured by external objects.
Purlin is a horizontal beam that provides necessary support to the main structural frame.
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R
Re-covering involves placing a new roofing material over an existing roof without the need to remove the old one.
Reflectance measures the proportion of solar energy a surface can reflect, presented as a percentage or a decimal ranging from 0.00 to 1.00.
Reflectivity indicates how much light is bounced back by a surface or coating, describing the inherent qualities of the material, while “reflectance” pertains to how much light is reflected from a specific sample of that material.
Reinforced membrane is a type of roofing or waterproofing membrane that has increased durability through the addition of materials such as glass fibers, polyester fabrics, or nylon layers.
Relative humidity denotes the amount of moisture in the air as a percentage of the highest possible moisture content at that specific temperature.
Replacing a roof entails the removal of the old roofing material, repairing any damages, and installing a brand new roof, commonly referred to as “tear-off and replacement.”
Reroofing is a term that encompasses both the renewal and recovery of an existing roof covering.
Residential roofing focuses on the roofing needs for smaller to medium-sized structures based on property scale, typically employing materials like asphalt shingles, tiles, underlayment, and modified bitumen.
Reviews are unsolicited assessments created by consumers who have purchased, used, or interacted with certain products, businesses, or services. These evaluations, often posted on review platforms, provide valuable feedback from customers and play a crucial role in informing other potential buyers about their experiences.
Roll materials consist of roofing products that are packaged in rolls, including felt and ply sheets.
Roll roofing represents a category of roofing materials available in various finishes, including smooth and mineral-surfaced options.
Roof is the uppermost layer of a building, and to roof means to apply such a covering to a structure.
Roof assembly comprises various parts, including the roof deck, vapor barrier, insulation, and the primary roofing material, all designed to provide protection from the elements and ensure waterproofing.
Roof damage can impair the look and functionality of a building, with indicators such as missing shingles, dark spots, water stains, algae, leaks, sagging, curling shingles, and damaged flashing.
Roof financing Homeowners can finance roof repairs or replacements using loans or credit options. This approach allows them to tackle roofing problems swiftly, ensuring the safety and protection of their homes.
Roofing contractor is an expert focused on the installation, repair, replacement, inspection, and upkeep of roofs for both homes and businesses. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structural soundness of roofs by employing a range of materials designed to endure various weather conditions. Essentially, these professionals are knowledgeable in every facet of roofing, from identifying leaks to overseeing the full replacement of roofs.
Roof slope refers to the incline of a roof surface, calculated as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal distance, or expressed in degrees.
Roof system includes an interconnected array of components that collaborate to safeguard a building against weather and enhance insulation. This encompasses the membrane or primary cover and insulation, but excludes the roof deck itself.
Roof visualizer software is a tool that enables homeowners to digitally map their current roof and visualize the replacement of old shingles with new ones using advanced technology.
S
Saturant A refers to a specific type of bitumen characterized by its low softening point, primarily utilized for soaking dry felts during the manufacturing of saturated roofing materials.
Saturated felt is a porous medium that has undergone soaking in hot bitumen, allowing it to absorb a significant amount of the material while still retaining some voids.
Scrim consists of continuous strands of fabric designed to add strength and reinforcement to membrane structures.
Seam occurs when two separate segments of materials are joined together through various techniques, such as adhesive bonding, welding, or employing tape and sealant.
Self-adhering membrane is a type of material that bonds to surfaces and itself without the need for additional adhesives. Typically, it is shielded by a release paper or film to prevent it from sticking together during shipping.
Self-adhesive materials bond to surfaces simply through the application of pressure, eliminating the necessity for extra bonding agents.
Selvage refers to the edges of fabric or other materials that are distinct from the main body, serving specific functions such as providing overlap or facilitating seams.
Service life of a building component or system refers to its effective operational period without the need for repairs or replacements, assuming regular upkeep is maintained. It also indicates how long a material, system, or structure can be expected to last before rehabilitation or replacement is required.
Shear strength measures the resistance of two elements of a material to move past one another parallel to their surfaces.
Shelf life indicates the maximum duration that a product can be stored before it becomes ineffective, affected by storage conditions and manufacturer guidelines.
Shingle roofing companies specialize in shingles providing installation, maintenance, and repair services for both residential and commercial buildings.
Shingle roof installation involves the removal of an existing roof, repairs to sheathing and trim, and the application of new underlayment followed by traditional, performance, or architectural shingles.
Shrinkage refers to the reduction in size of a material or object.
Side lap occurs when two similar materials overlap longitudinally in a continuous arrangement.
Side-lap fastener is used to connect panels at the side lap.
Siding installation or a siding installer is a skilled tradesperson focused on applying exterior siding to residential and commercial properties. They work with various materials, including vinyl, wood, metal, and composite, to shield structures from weather conditions while also improving their visual attractiveness. Their responsibilities encompass measuring, cutting, and securing siding panels, along with the installation of flashing and trim elements to facilitate effective water drainage.
Slab is a flat layer of concrete, typically even in thickness, that rests on the ground or is supported by structural elements like beams or columns. It can either be laid flat or slightly inclined.
Slab below grade is a foundation type placed under the ground, commonly known as a “slab on grade.”
Slab on grade involves pouring concrete directly on the ground surface.
Slope defines the angle of incline and is often expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run or as an angle measurement.
Softening point of bitumen represents the temperature at which it becomes pliable enough to flow, determined through methods such as the ring-and-ball or Mettler cup-and-ball tests.
Solid content of an adhesive signifies the weight percentage of non-volatile substances contained within it.
Solubility refers to the capacity of a substance to dissolve in a specific liquid under defined conditions.
Solvent is a liquid capable of dissolving other substances.
Spalling describes the process where flat fragments break away from a surface of concrete, rock, or masonry.
Specification provides a comprehensive description of requirements for a material, product, system, or service, detailing the criteria that must be met.
Splice bonding involves connecting overlapping materials through a bonding technique.
Square is a measurement unit used in roofing, equivalent to 100 square feet, or the quantity of material needed to cover that area.
Squeegee is a tool fitted with a leather or rubber blade attached to a handle, used for spreading or removing liquid materials from surfaces, as well as for smoothing or finishing surfaces.
Staining occurs when an external substance causes discoloration on a roof’s membrane or coating.
Starter sheet is a narrow strip employed to initiate the shingling pattern at a roof’s edge, and it can also be used for perimeters in specific single-ply roofing systems.
Styrene Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (SBS) is a copolymer with high molecular weight, possessing both thermoset and thermoplastic features. It results from the block copolymerization of styrene and butadiene monomers and is frequently utilized to modify asphalt roofing membranes, imparting rubber-like properties.
Substrate refers to the surface on which a roofing or waterproofing membrane is applied, such as the structural deck or insulation board.
Sump is a designated dip surrounding a roof drain or scupper that facilitates efficient drainage.
Surfacing is the uppermost layer of a roof designed to provide protection to the underlying materials from environmental elements.
T
Tapered insulation refers to a specialized insulation system that is either pre-cut or pre-molded to create a sloped contour on the roof deck. This design facilitates a more straightforward installation of the roofing membrane.
Taping serves the purpose of connecting insulation boards or deck panels, and it is also used for seaming single-ply membranes.
Tear resistance indicates the force required to rip a material when pressure is concentrated on a smaller area, often due to a point of weakness or imperfection.
Tensile strength denotes a material’s capacity to endure tension while being unable to resist compression or shear forces.
Termination involves the securing and sealing of a membrane’s edges within a roof or waterproofing framework to prevent leaks and ensure durability.
Test Method A describes a precise and clear set of procedures aimed at evaluating the properties, characteristics, or capabilities of a material, product, system, or service, leading to conclusive results.
Thermal barrier is essential in torched membrane applications as it is installed within the roofing system prior to the torching process to boost fire safety. Acceptable materials for this barrier include perlite board insulation, fiberglass or mineral wool board insulation, or glass-faced gypsum board.
Thermal conductance refers to the speed at which heat transfers through a material as a result of a temperature gradient, measured in Btu/h•ft²•F, specific to the thickness of the material. It’s important to note that conductance values cannot simply be multiplied or divided for different thicknesses, and adding values to assess total thermal performance is incorrect. Instead, conductance values should be converted to thermal resistance values for accurate performance assessment.
Thermal conductivity (k) is an indicator of a material’s capacity to conduct heat, defined by the heat that passes through a 1-inch thick, 1-square-foot sample under a 1-degree Fahrenheit temperature difference in one hour. It is represented in Btu•inch/h•ft²•F. Keep in mind that this value is relevant only to specified thicknesses and cannot be applied directly to evaluate a different thickness. To ascertain the thermal performance of a certain thickness, the thermal conductivity can be transformed into a thermal resistance (R) value (R = 1/k), which allows for further calculations.
Thermal cycling describes the stress impacts on a material or system resulting from recurring shifts in temperature, which lead to movements or displacements.
Thermal expansion occurs when a material increases its dimensions or volume due to temperature variations.
Thermal insulation comprises materials designed to inhibit heat transfer.
Thermal movement pertains to the alterations in a material’s size as temperatures fluctuate.
Thermal resistance (R) measures a material’s or construction’s proficiency in resisting heat flow, expressed in F•ft²•h/Btu, and it pertains to specific thicknesses. The thermal resistance is the inverse of thermal conductance (C) and can be mathematically adjusted.
Thermal transmittance (U-factor) quantifies heat transfer through a material or assembly, including any surrounding air films, and is expressed in Btu/h•ft²•F. It represents the reciprocal of overall thermal resistance and is useful for assessing the thermal efficiency of systems like roofing assemblies. It is also known as the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Thermoplastic materials soften when heated and solidify upon cooling, as long as they do not reach a decomposition point.
Thermoplastic Olefin Membrane (TPO) is a composite of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene polymers, enhanced with additives such as colorants, flame retardants, and UV absorbers. Depending on the required properties, it can be either reinforced or unreinforced.
Thermoset polymers are materials that harden and cannot be remelted or dissolved upon heating or chemical exposure.
Through-wall flashing is a waterproofing feature that extends through a wall, channeling water outside through weep holes to prevent moisture accumulation.
Tie-in refers to the sealing mechanism used in roofing and waterproofing to connect various elements seamlessly, ensuring a watertight seal.
U
UL label serves as a mark on roofing materials indicating their compliance with performance standards set forth by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
Unforeseen conditions pertain to unexpected circumstances or physical scenarios that were not anticipated in the contract documents, deviating from what is generally experienced.
UV degradation describes the damage inflicted by ultraviolet rays from the sun.
V
Vapor pressure refers to the force exerted by a vapor when it is in a state of equilibrium with a liquid or solid.
Vapor retarder is a protective layer or laminate designed to significantly limit the amount of moisture vapor that penetrates a roofing system.
Veneer is a type of masonry or plywood utilized primarily for aesthetic facing, which does not provide structural support. It is typically created by adhering thin sheets of wood together.
Viscosity denotes a substance’s resistance to movement when subjected to shear forces, quantified in centipoise (cP or cPs) at a designated temperature. Higher viscosity indicates a slower flow rate.
Void denotes a hollow space or disruption within a material or structure.
W
Walkways on rooftops are frequently utilized areas, typically positioned near ventilation systems, access hatches, and air conditioning units. To safeguard the roofing material from wear and tear due to foot traffic, these walkways are often constructed from durable substances like traffic mats or pavers.
Water remediation entails restoring water quality and repairing water damage through processes like cleaning and drying. It includes a three-phase approach: mitigation to contain damage, remediation for cleanup, and restoration to return property to its original condition.
Water table is the subsurface level at which the soil is fully saturated with water.
Water vapor pressure refers to the force exerted by water vapor present in the atmosphere, contributing to the total atmospheric pressure.
Water vapor transmission quantifies the rate at which water vapor can traverse through a material under regulated laboratory conditions, usually expressed in grains per hour per square foot.
Waterproofing treatments are substances applied to surfaces or structures designed to prevent water from infiltrating under pressure.
Waterproofing assembly encompasses various elements, including the deck, membrane, and additional layers for protection, drainage, and insulation, all working in unison to ensure effective waterproofing of a structure.
Waterproofing membrane is the essential part of a waterproofing system responsible for blocking water intrusion, excluding additional accessories like drainage systems or protective boards.
Waterproofing system comprises multiple elements, such as a membrane, protective layers, drainage materials, insulation, waterstops, joints, flashings, and overburden but does not include the substrate underneath.
Wet film gauge is a device used to determine the thickness of a wet coating applied to a flat and smooth surface.
Wet film thickness indicates how thick a coating or mastic is when applied and has not yet cured, typically measured in mils.
Wind lift occurs when wind is redirected by the edges, peaks, or obstructions of a roof, resulting in decreased air pressure above the roof surface, a phenomenon known as wind uplift.
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